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Column Buckling
The load at which a column buckles: Euler for slender columns, Johnson's parabola where the column yields first, with the end conditions and cross-section that set both. Updates as you type.
Why slender columns fail long before they crush: column buckling, explained.
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End conditions
Fixed ends are never perfectly rigid. Design practice uses K = 2.1, 0.80 and 0.65 instead of 2, 0.7 and 0.5.